ACESSO ABERTO
A glândula mamária de pequenos ruminantes, embora fisiologicamente adaptada à produção leiteira, pode ser acometida por diversas afecções infecciosas, traumáticas, degenerativas e neoplásicas, que muitas vezes demandam intervenção cirúrgica com finalidade terapêutica ou profilática. Este trabalho reúne, de forma abrangente, informações sobre a abordagem cirúrgica da glândula mamária e dos tetos em ovinos e caprinos, abrangendo indicações, técnicas, cuidados perioperatórios e manejo pós-operatório. São descritas condutas frente a mastites gangrenosas, abscessos profundos, lacerações e avulsões de teto, fístulas mamárias, anomalias congênitas (tetos supranumerários, duplicações e atresias), tumores e obstruções do canal do teto, com detalhamento das principais técnicas, como drenagem e debridamento de abscessos, mastectomia parcial e total (fisiológica e radical), ressecção de tetos supranumerários, correção de fístulas e lesões traumáticas, além de procedimentos reconstrutivos do esfíncter e do canal do teto com uso de cânulas ou sondas para manutenção da permeabilidade. Também são discutidos protocolos anestésicos e analgésicos adequados às condições de campo e hospitalares, preparo pré-operatório, posicionamento cirúrgico, hemostasia, sutura e uso de drenos para favorecer a cicatrização e prevenir complicações. O texto enfatiza ainda as principais intercorrências pós-operatórias, como infecções secundárias, deiscências, recidivas e perda funcional da glândula, e apresenta estratégias preventivas baseadas em manejo higiênico-sanitário e diagnóstico precoce, com o intuito de subsidiar a escolha criteriosa da técnica cirúrgica e assegurar uma execução segura, preservando o bem-estar animal e a produtividade.
Palavras-chave: fístula, mastectomia, mastite, teto, úbere.
The mammary gland of small ruminants, although physiologically adapted for milk production, may be affected by a variety of infectious, traumatic, degenerative, and neoplastic disorders that often require surgical intervention for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes. This work provides a comprehensive overview of the surgical approach to the mammary gland and teats of sheep and goats, covering indications, techniques, perioperative care, and postoperative management. It describes procedures used to address gangrenous mastitis, deep abscesses, teat lacerations and avulsions, mammary fistulas, congenital anomalies (supernumerary teats, duplications, and atresias), tumors, and obstructions of the teat canal, with detailed discussion of key techniques such as abscess drainage and debridement, partial and total mastectomy (physiological and radical), excision of supernumerary teats, correction of fistulas and traumatic injuries, and reconstructive procedures of the teat sphincter and canal using cannulas or stents to maintain patency. The text also discusses anesthetic and analgesic protocols appropriate for field and hospital conditions, preoperative preparation, surgical positioning, hemostasis, suturing, and the use of drains to promote healing and prevent complications. Additionally, it highlights the main postoperative complications, including secondary infections, wound dehiscence, recurrence, and functional loss of the gland. It presents preventive strategies based on hygienic-sanitary management and early diagnosis, aiming to support the careful selection of surgical techniques and ensure safe execution while preserving animal welfare and productivity.
Keywords: fistula, mastectomy, mastitis, udder, teat.
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